ertem
{verb II} [Generate paradigm] 1. to pass, to pass by, to move by, to pass through, to move through, to go, to walk
♦ βuj ümbač́ ertem {verb II} to pass by overhead
♦ korno dene ertem {verb II} to pass by on a road
♦ kužu kornə̑m ertem {verb II} to walk a long way
♦ lu meŋgə̑m ertem {verb II} to walk ten kilometers
♦ mogaj-gə̑nat kornə̑m ertem {verb II} {set phrase} to endure something, to go through something
♦ pasu goč́ ertem {verb II} to pass through a field
♦ pört βokteč́ ertem {verb II} to pass by a house
♦ tul-βüd βošt ertem {verb II} {set phrase} to go through fire and water, to go to hell and back
♦ tul-βüd goč́ ertem {verb II} {set phrase} to go to hell and back, to go through hell and high water
♦ umbake ertem {verb II} to move onward
♦ urem muč́ko ertem {verb II} to pass through a street, to go down a street
♦ erten kudalam {verb I} to drive by
♦ erten kuržam {verb I} to outrun
♦ erten oškə̑lam {verb I} to walk past
2. to move, to spread, to pass, to pass by (wind, clouds, air, waves, sounds, bullets, ideas)
♢ pə̑l erta {sentence} clouds pass by
♦ pual ertem {verb II} to blow (wind)
3. {intransitive} to pass, to pass through, to cross, to penetrate
♦ tušmanə̑n onč́ə̑l linijže goč́ ertem {verb II} to penetrate the front line of the enemy
4. {transitive} to pass by, to leave something behind, to move beyond something
♦ ikte-βesə̑m ertaš töč́em {verb II} to try to pass one another
♦ pörtə̑m ertem {verb II} to pass by a house
♦ č́odə̑ram ertem {verb II} to pass by a forest
5. {intransitive} to flow, to stretch, to extend
♢ korno kurə̑k βokteč́ erta {sentence} the road stretches along the mountains
♦ šujnalt ertem {verb II} to stretch, to extend
♦ jogen ertem {verb II} to flow
6. to exceed, to be longer than, to be higher than, to be lower than
♢ eŋer βüd kə̑dalə̑m erta {sentence} the water in the river is higher than one's waist
7. to happen, to occur, to take place, to be held, to be carried out
♢ tide kum ij ožno erten {sentence} this happened three years earlier
♢ sajlə̑maš erten {sentence} elections were held
8. {intransitive} to pass, to go by (time)
♢ žap erta {sentence} time goes by, time passes by
♢ žap nelə̑n erta {sentence} time drags on, time hangs heavy
♢ žap jösə̑n erta {sentence} time drags on, time hangs heavy
♢ ik šagat ertə̑š {sentence} an hour passed
♢ kum šagatə̑m perə̑meke lu minut erten {sentence} it's ten after three
♢ kud šagat erten {sentence} six hours passed
♢ kolo ij erten {sentence} twenty years passed
♢ keŋež ertə̑š {sentence} summer is over
♦ idalə̑k ertə̑meke {adverb} after a year, a year later
9. to pass, to end, to come to an end, to stop, to disappear
♢ sar erten {sentence} the war came to an end
♢ tütan erten {sentence} the storm passed
♢ jür erten {sentence} it stopped raining
♢ müškə̑rem korštə̑mo erten {sentence} my stomach stopped hurting
10. to cross, to pass, to exceed (an age, quantity)
♦ millionə̑m ertem {verb II} to pass a million
11. to fall (precipitation)
♢ lum erten {sentence} it snowed
12. to study, to do, to take, to go through
♦ temə̑m ertem {verb II} to study a topic
♦ praktikə̑m ertem {verb II} to undergo practical training
13. to undergo, to go through, to pass through, to be approved
♦ doprosə̑m ertem {verb II} to undergo an examination
♦ komissijə̑m ertem {verb II} to pass through a commission
♦ konkursə̑m ertem {verb II} to pass through a competition
14. to get elected, to be elected
♦ prezidentə̑š ertem {verb II} to get elected president
15. to live through, to endure, to survive, to overcome
♦ šuko jösə̑m ertem {verb II} to live through many hardships
16. to arise, to appear (in one's mind), to go through one's mind, to be imagined
♦ ušə̑što ertem {verb II} to go through one's mind
17. {figuratively} to overtake, to surpass
♢ tudo ške motorlə̑kšo dene č́ə̑laštə̑m erten {sentence} (s)he surpasses all with his/her beauty
♦ rekordə̑m ertem {verb II} to break a record
18. {in a converb construction} (marks motion by, past or through somewhere)
♦ kuržə̑n ertem {verb II} to run by, to run past, to run through
♦ ijə̑n ertem {verb II} to swim by, to swim past, to swim through
♦ kudal ertem {verb II} to drive by, to drive through, to drive past
♦ oškə̑l ertem {verb II} to walk past
♦ č́oŋešten ertem {verb II} to fly by, to fly through, to fly past
~ ASPECTUAL CONVERB CONSTRUCTIONS ~
// erten kajem {verb II} {perfective} (see above)
// ijgotə̑m erten kajem {verb II} to be ahead of one's times
// č́ə̑la βuč́ə̑mašə̑m erten kajem {verb II} to exceed all expectations
// č́ə̑la üšanə̑mašə̑m erten kajem {verb II} to exceed all expectations
// škem erten kajem {verb II} to surpass oneself
// erten kajə̑šə̑la {adverb} in passing, on the way, en route
// erten kodam {verb I} {perfective} (see above)
♢ erten kodšə̑m ńimolan šarnaš {sentence} there is no need to remember the past
// erten kodšo {adjective} past; remaining, left over
// erten kodem {verb II} {perfective} (see above)
♢ peš pisə̑n kuržeš, joltaš-βlakšə̑m erten kodə̑š {sentence} (s)he's running very quickly and has left his/her friends behind
// erten koštam {verb I} {imperfective} (see above)
♢ tide urem dene č́üč́kə̑də̑n erten koštə̑m {sentence} I often passed through this street
// erten šuam {verb I} {perfective} (see above)
// pič́ č́odə̑ram erten šuam {verb I} to pass through a deep forest