erte•m
{verb II} [Generate paradigm] 1. to pass, to pass by, to move by, to pass through, to move through, to go, to walk
♦ βuj ymba•t͡ɕ erte•m {verb II} to pass by overhead
♦ ko•rno de•ne erte•m {verb II} to pass by on a road
♦ kuʒu• ko•rnəm erte•m {verb II} to walk a long way
♦ lu me•ŋgəm erte•m {verb II} to walk ten kilometers
♦ moga•j-gəna•t ko•rnəm erte•m {verb II} {set phrase} to endure something, to go through something
♦ pasu• got͡ɕ erte•m {verb II} to pass through a field
♦ pørt βokte•t͡ɕ erte•m {verb II} to pass by a house
♦ tul-βyd βoʃt erte•m {verb II} {set phrase} to go through fire and water, to go to hell and back
♦ tul-βyd got͡ɕ erte•m {verb II} {set phrase} to go to hell and back, to go through hell and high water
♦ umba•ke erte•m {verb II} to move onward
♦ ure•m mu•t͡ɕko erte•m {verb II} to pass through a street, to go down a street
♦ erte•n kudala•m {verb I} to drive by
♦ erte•n kurʒa•m {verb I} to outrun
♦ erte•n oʃkəla•m {verb I} to walk past
2. to move, to spread, to pass, to pass by (wind, clouds, air, waves, sounds, bullets, ideas)
♢ pəl erta• {sentence} clouds pass by
♦ pua•l erte•m {verb II} to blow (wind)
3. {intransitive} to pass, to pass through, to cross, to penetrate
♦ tuʃma•nən o•nt͡ɕəl li•nijʒe got͡ɕ erte•m {verb II} to penetrate the front line of the enemy
4. {transitive} to pass by, to leave something behind, to move beyond something
♦ i•kte-βe•səm erta•ʃ tøt͡ɕe•m {verb II} to try to pass one another
♦ pø•rtəm erte•m {verb II} to pass by a house
♦ t͡ɕodəra•m erte•m {verb II} to pass by a forest
5. {intransitive} to flow, to stretch, to extend
♢ ko•rno ku•rək βokte•t͡ɕ erta• {sentence} the road stretches along the mountains
♦ ʃujna•lt erte•m {verb II} to stretch, to extend
♦ joge•n erte•m {verb II} to flow
6. to exceed, to be longer than, to be higher than, to be lower than
♢ eŋe•r βyd kəda•ləm erta• {sentence} the water in the river is higher than one's waist
7. to happen, to occur, to take place, to be held, to be carried out
♢ ti•de kum ij o•ʒno erte•n {sentence} this happened three years earlier
♢ sajləma•ʃ erte•n {sentence} elections were held
8. {intransitive} to pass, to go by (time)
♢ ʒap erta• {sentence} time goes by, time passes by
♢ ʒap ne•lən erta• {sentence} time drags on, time hangs heavy
♢ ʒap jø•sən erta• {sentence} time drags on, time hangs heavy
♢ ik ʃaga•t e•rtəʃ {sentence} an hour passed
♢ kum ʃaga•təm perəme•ke lu minu•t erte•n {sentence} it's ten after three
♢ kud ʃaga•t erte•n {sentence} six hours passed
♢ ko•lo ij erte•n {sentence} twenty years passed
♢ keŋe•ʒ e•rtəʃ {sentence} summer is over
♦ ida•lək ertəme•ke {adverb} after a year, a year later
9. to pass, to end, to come to an end, to stop, to disappear
♢ sar erte•n {sentence} the war came to an end
♢ tyta•n erte•n {sentence} the storm passed
♢ jyr erte•n {sentence} it stopped raining
♢ myʃkəre•m ko•rʃtəmo erte•n {sentence} my stomach stopped hurting
10. to cross, to pass, to exceed (an age, quantity)
♦ milːio•nəm erte•m {verb II} to pass a million
11. to fall (precipitation)
♢ lum erte•n {sentence} it snowed
12. to study, to do, to take, to go through
♦ te•məm erte•m {verb II} to study a topic
♦ pra•ktikəm erte•m {verb II} to undergo practical training
13. to undergo, to go through, to pass through, to be approved
♦ dopro•səm erte•m {verb II} to undergo an examination
♦ komi•sːijəm erte•m {verb II} to pass through a commission
♦ ko•nkursəm erte•m {verb II} to pass through a competition
14. to get elected, to be elected
♦ prezide•ntəʃ erte•m {verb II} to get elected president
15. to live through, to endure, to survive, to overcome
♦ ʃu•ko jø•səm erte•m {verb II} to live through many hardships
16. to arise, to appear (in one's mind), to go through one's mind, to be imagined
♦ u•ʃəʃto erte•m {verb II} to go through one's mind
17. {figuratively} to overtake, to surpass
♢ tu•do ʃke moto•rləkʃo de•ne t͡ɕəla•ʃtəm erte•n {sentence} (s)he surpasses all with his/her beauty
♦ reko•rdəm erte•m {verb II} to break a record
18. {in a converb construction} (marks motion by, past or through somewhere)
♦ ku•rʒən erte•m {verb II} to run by, to run past, to run through
♦ i•jən erte•m {verb II} to swim by, to swim past, to swim through
♦ kuda•l erte•m {verb II} to drive by, to drive through, to drive past
♦ o•ʃkəl erte•m {verb II} to walk past
♦ t͡ɕoŋeʃte•n erte•m {verb II} to fly by, to fly through, to fly past
~ ASPECTUAL CONVERB CONSTRUCTIONS ~
// erte•n kaje•m {verb II} {perfective} (see above)
// ijgo•təm erte•n kaje•m {verb II} to be ahead of one's times
// t͡ɕəla• βut͡ɕəma•ʃəm erte•n kaje•m {verb II} to exceed all expectations
// t͡ɕəla• yʃanəma•ʃəm erte•n kaje•m {verb II} to exceed all expectations
// ʃkem erte•n kaje•m {verb II} to surpass oneself
// erte•n kajəʃəla• {adverb} in passing, on the way, en route
// erte•n koda•m {verb I} {perfective} (see above)
♢ erte•n ko•dʃəm ɲimola•n ʃarna•ʃ {sentence} there is no need to remember the past
// erte•n ko•dʃo {adjective} past; remaining, left over
// erte•n kode•m {verb II} {perfective} (see above)
♢ peʃ pi•sən kurʒe•ʃ, jolta•ʃ-βla•kʃəm erte•n ko•dəʃ {sentence} (s)he's running very quickly and has left his/her friends behind
// erte•n koʃta•m {verb I} {imperfective} (see above)
♢ ti•de ure•m de•ne t͡ɕy•t͡ɕkədən erte•n ko•ʃtəm {sentence} I often passed through this street
// erte•n ʃua•m {verb I} {perfective} (see above)
// pit͡ɕ t͡ɕodəra•m erte•n ʃua•m {verb I} to pass through a deep forest