ertem
{verb II} [Generate paradigm] 1. to pass, to pass by, to move by, to pass through, to move through, to go, to walk
♦ βuj ymbat͡ɕ ertem {verb II} to pass by overhead
♦ korno dene ertem {verb II} to pass by on a road
♦ kuʒu kornəm ertem {verb II} to walk a long way
♦ lu meŋgəm ertem {verb II} to walk ten kilometers
♦ mogaj-gənat kornəm ertem {verb II} {set phrase} to endure something, to go through something
♦ pasu got͡ɕ ertem {verb II} to pass through a field
♦ pørt βoktet͡ɕ ertem {verb II} to pass by a house
♦ tul-βyd βoʃt ertem {verb II} {set phrase} to go through fire and water, to go to hell and back
♦ tul-βyd got͡ɕ ertem {verb II} {set phrase} to go to hell and back, to go through hell and high water
♦ umbake ertem {verb II} to move onward
♦ urem mut͡ɕko ertem {verb II} to pass through a street, to go down a street
♦ erten kudalam {verb I} to drive by
♦ erten kurʒam {verb I} to outrun
♦ erten oʃkəlam {verb I} to walk past
2. to move, to spread, to pass, to pass by (wind, clouds, air, waves, sounds, bullets, ideas)
♢ pəl erta {sentence} clouds pass by
♦ pual ertem {verb II} to blow (wind)
3. {intransitive} to pass, to pass through, to cross, to penetrate
♦ tuʃmanən ont͡ɕəl linijʒe got͡ɕ ertem {verb II} to penetrate the front line of the enemy
4. {transitive} to pass by, to leave something behind, to move beyond something
♦ ikte-βesəm ertaʃ tøt͡ɕem {verb II} to try to pass one another
♦ pørtəm ertem {verb II} to pass by a house
♦ t͡ɕodəram ertem {verb II} to pass by a forest
5. {intransitive} to flow, to stretch, to extend
♢ korno kurək βoktet͡ɕ erta {sentence} the road stretches along the mountains
♦ ʃujnalt ertem {verb II} to stretch, to extend
♦ jogen ertem {verb II} to flow
6. to exceed, to be longer than, to be higher than, to be lower than
♢ eŋer βyd kədaləm erta {sentence} the water in the river is higher than one's waist
7. to happen, to occur, to take place, to be held, to be carried out
♢ tide kum ij oʒno erten {sentence} this happened three years earlier
♢ sajləmaʃ erten {sentence} elections were held
8. {intransitive} to pass, to go by (time)
♢ ʒap erta {sentence} time goes by, time passes by
♢ ʒap nelən erta {sentence} time drags on, time hangs heavy
♢ ʒap jøsən erta {sentence} time drags on, time hangs heavy
♢ ik ʃagat ertəʃ {sentence} an hour passed
♢ kum ʃagatəm perəmeke lu minut erten {sentence} it's ten after three
♢ kud ʃagat erten {sentence} six hours passed
♢ kolo ij erten {sentence} twenty years passed
♢ keŋeʒ ertəʃ {sentence} summer is over
♦ idalək ertəmeke {adverb} after a year, a year later
9. to pass, to end, to come to an end, to stop, to disappear
♢ sar erten {sentence} the war came to an end
♢ tytan erten {sentence} the storm passed
♢ jyr erten {sentence} it stopped raining
♢ myʃkərem korʃtəmo erten {sentence} my stomach stopped hurting
10. to cross, to pass, to exceed (an age, quantity)
♦ milːionəm ertem {verb II} to pass a million
11. to fall (precipitation)
♢ lum erten {sentence} it snowed
12. to study, to do, to take, to go through
♦ teməm ertem {verb II} to study a topic
♦ praktikəm ertem {verb II} to undergo practical training
13. to undergo, to go through, to pass through, to be approved
♦ doprosəm ertem {verb II} to undergo an examination
♦ komisːijəm ertem {verb II} to pass through a commission
♦ konkursəm ertem {verb II} to pass through a competition
14. to get elected, to be elected
♦ prezidentəʃ ertem {verb II} to get elected president
15. to live through, to endure, to survive, to overcome
♦ ʃuko jøsəm ertem {verb II} to live through many hardships
16. to arise, to appear (in one's mind), to go through one's mind, to be imagined
♦ uʃəʃto ertem {verb II} to go through one's mind
17. {figuratively} to overtake, to surpass
♢ tudo ʃke motorləkʃo dene t͡ɕəlaʃtəm erten {sentence} (s)he surpasses all with his/her beauty
♦ rekordəm ertem {verb II} to break a record
18. {in a converb construction} (marks motion by, past or through somewhere)
♦ kurʒən ertem {verb II} to run by, to run past, to run through
♦ ijən ertem {verb II} to swim by, to swim past, to swim through
♦ kudal ertem {verb II} to drive by, to drive through, to drive past
♦ oʃkəl ertem {verb II} to walk past
♦ t͡ɕoŋeʃten ertem {verb II} to fly by, to fly through, to fly past
~ ASPECTUAL CONVERB CONSTRUCTIONS ~
// erten kajem {verb II} {perfective} (see above)
// ijgotəm erten kajem {verb II} to be ahead of one's times
// t͡ɕəla βut͡ɕəmaʃəm erten kajem {verb II} to exceed all expectations
// t͡ɕəla yʃanəmaʃəm erten kajem {verb II} to exceed all expectations
// ʃkem erten kajem {verb II} to surpass oneself
// erten kajəʃəla {adverb} in passing, on the way, en route
// erten kodam {verb I} {perfective} (see above)
♢ erten kodʃəm ɲimolan ʃarnaʃ {sentence} there is no need to remember the past
// erten kodʃo {adjective} past; remaining, left over
// erten kodem {verb II} {perfective} (see above)
♢ peʃ pisən kurʒeʃ, joltaʃ-βlakʃəm erten kodəʃ {sentence} (s)he's running very quickly and has left his/her friends behind
// erten koʃtam {verb I} {imperfective} (see above)
♢ tide urem dene t͡ɕyt͡ɕkədən erten koʃtəm {sentence} I often passed through this street
// erten ʃuam {verb I} {perfective} (see above)
// pit͡ɕ t͡ɕodəram erten ʃuam {verb I} to pass through a deep forest
