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You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Nominative: | toʃto |
Genitive: | toʃtən |
Dative: | toʃtəlan |
Accusative: | toʃtəm |
Comparative: | toʃtəla |
Comitative: | toʃtəge |
Inessive: | toʃtəʃto |
Illative: | toʃtəʃ(ko) |
Lative: | toʃteʃ |
1SG: | toʃtem |
2SG: | toʃtet |
3SG: | toʃtəʒ(o) |
1PL: | toʃtəna |
2PL: | toʃtəda |
3PL: | toʃtəʃt |
Plural (1): | toʃto-βlak |
Plural (2): | toʃto-ʃamət͡ɕ |
Short Plural: | toʃtəla |
Sociative Plural: | toʃtəmət |
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative: | toʃtem | toʃto-βlak | toʃto-βlakem, toʃtem-βlak |
Genitive: | toʃtemən | toʃto-βlakən | toʃto-βlakemən, toʃtem-βlakən |
Dative: | toʃtemlan, toʃtəlanem | toʃto-βlaklan | toʃto-βlakemlan, toʃtem-βlaklan |
Accusative: | toʃteməm | toʃto-βlakəm | toʃto-βlakeməm, toʃtem-βlakəm |
Comparative: | toʃtemla, toʃtəlam | toʃto-βlakla | toʃto-βlakemla, toʃtem-βlakla |
Comitative: | toʃtemge | toʃto-βlakge | toʃto-βlakemge, toʃtem-βlakge |
Inessive: | toʃtəʃtem | toʃto-βlakəʃte | toʃto-βlakəʃtem, toʃtem-βlakəʃte |
Illative: | toʃtəʃkem | toʃto-βlakəʃ(ke) | toʃto-βlakəʃkem, toʃtem-βlakəʃ(ke) |
Lative: | toʃteʃem | toʃto-βlakeʃ | toʃto-βlakeʃem, toʃtem-βlakeʃ |
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Last update: 11 September 2024 Accessibility statement (German) |