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Paradigm Generator
Indicative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋajem | om tupoŋa |
| 2SG: | tupoŋajet | ot tupoŋa |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaa | ok/ogeš tupoŋa |
| 1PL: | tupoŋajena | ona/ogə̑na tupoŋa |
| 2PL: | tupoŋajeda | oda/ogə̑da tupoŋa |
| 3PL: | tupoŋaat | ogə̑t tupoŋa |
Indicative Simple Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋašə̑m | šə̑m tupoŋa |
| 2SG: | tupoŋašə̑č́ | šə̑č́ tupoŋa |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaš | ə̑š tupoŋa |
| 1PL: | tupoŋašna | ə̑šna tupoŋa |
| 2PL: | tupoŋašda | ə̑šda tupoŋa |
| 3PL: | tupoŋašt | ə̑št tupoŋa |
Indicative Simple Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋajenam | tupoŋajen omə̑l |
| 2SG: | tupoŋajenat | tupoŋajen otə̑l |
| 3SG: | tupoŋajen | tupoŋajen ogə̑l |
| 1PL: | tupoŋajenna | tupoŋajen onal/ogə̑nal |
| 2PL: | tupoŋajenda | tupoŋajen odal/ogə̑dal |
| 3PL: | tupoŋajenə̑t | tupoŋajen ogə̑tə̑l |
Indicative Compound Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋajem ə̑l'e | om tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | tupoŋajet ə̑l'e | ot tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaa ə̑l'e | ok/ogeš tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | tupoŋajena ə̑l'e | ona/ogə̑na tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | tupoŋajeda ə̑l'e | oda/ogə̑da tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | tupoŋaat ə̑l'e | ogə̑t tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋajem ulmaš | om tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 2SG: | tupoŋajet ulmaš | ot tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaa ulmaš | ok/ogeš tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 1PL: | tupoŋajena ulmaš | ona/ogə̑na tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 2PL: | tupoŋajeda ulmaš | oda/ogə̑da tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 3PL: | tupoŋaat ulmaš | ogə̑t tupoŋa ulmaš |
Indicative Compound Past III
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋajenam ə̑l'e | tupoŋajen omə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | tupoŋajenat ə̑l'e | tupoŋajen otə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | tupoŋajen ə̑l'e | tupoŋajen ogə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | tupoŋajenna ə̑l'e | tupoŋajen onal/ogə̑nal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | tupoŋajenda ə̑l'e | tupoŋajen odal/ogə̑dal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | tupoŋajen ə̑l'e | tupoŋajen ogə̑tə̑l ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past IV
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋajenam ulmaš | tupoŋajen omə̑l ulmaš |
| 2SG: | tupoŋajenat ulmaš | tupoŋajen otə̑l ulmaš |
| 3SG: | tupoŋajen ulmaš | tupoŋajen ogə̑l ulmaš |
| 1PL: | tupoŋajenna ulmaš | tupoŋajen onal/ogə̑nal ulmaš |
| 2PL: | tupoŋajenda ulmaš | tupoŋajen odal/ogə̑dal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | tupoŋajen ulmaš | tupoŋajen ogə̑tə̑l ulmaš |
Imperative
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | tupoŋa | it tupoŋa |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaže | ə̑nže tupoŋa |
| 1PL: | (tupoŋajena) | (ona/ogə̑na tupoŋa) |
| 2PL: | tupoŋaza | ida tupoŋa |
| 3PL: | tupoŋašt | ə̑nə̑št tupoŋa |
Desiderative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋanem | ə̑nem tupoŋa |
| 2SG: | tupoŋanet | ə̑net tupoŋa |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaneže | ə̑než tupoŋa |
| 1PL: | tupoŋanena | ə̑nena tupoŋa |
| 2PL: | tupoŋaneda | ə̑neda tupoŋa |
| 3PL: | tupoŋanešt | ə̑nešt tupoŋa |
Desiderative Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | tupoŋanem ə̑l'e | ə̑nem tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | tupoŋanena ə̑l'e | ə̑net tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaneže ə̑l'e | ə̑než tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | tupoŋanena ə̑l'e | ə̑nena tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | tupoŋaneda ə̑l'e | ə̑neda tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | tupoŋanešt ə̑l'e | ə̑nešt tupoŋa ə̑l'e |
Desiderative Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | tupoŋanet ulmaš | ə̑net tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 3SG: | tupoŋaneže ulmaš | ə̑než tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 1PL: | / | / |
| 2PL: | tupoŋaneda ulmaš | ə̑neda tupoŋa ulmaš |
| 3PL: | tupoŋanešt ulmaš | ə̑nešt tupoŋa ulmaš |
Non-finite forms
| Infinitive: | tupoŋaaš |
| Necessitive infinitive: | tupoŋaman |
| Active participle: | tupoŋaše |
| Passive participle: | tupoŋame |
| Future-necessitive participle: | tupoŋašaš |
| Negative participle: | tupoŋadə̑me |
| Affirmative instructive gerund: | tupoŋajen |
| Negative gerund: | tupoŋade |
| Gerund of prior action: | tupoŋamek(e) |
| Gerund of future action: | tupoŋameš(ke) |
| Gerund of simultaneous action: | tupoŋašə̑la |
| Nominalization: | tupoŋamaš |
| Negative nominalization: | tupoŋadə̑maš |
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| Last update: 11 September 2024 Accessibility statement (German) |
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